The history of the bunker

A sand hole with history

The bunker – both a curse and a fascination. But did you know that this obstacle arose out of pure necessity?

In the 15th century, sheep on Scotland's windy links courses formed hollows in the ground to seek shelter. These hollows filled with sand – and were quickly incorporated into the game by early golfers. Thus, the bunker was born – a natural part of the course.

From random hole to strategic tool

Over time, the bunker evolved from a random creation to a purposefully used playing area. Designers like Alister MacKenzie, Donald Ross, and others recognized their strategic potential: Bunkers can direct the flow of play, create risks, and make golf courses more exciting.

Today they are an essential part of every golf course – both visually and in terms of play.

The most important types of bunkers at a glance

Every bunker has its purpose – here are the most common types:
  • Fairway bunkers: Placed along the fairway, they penalize inaccurate tee shots or risky drives.
  • Greenside bunkers: Located directly around the green, they require fine technique on the approach shot.
  • Pot bunkers : Deep, mostly round bunkers with steep walls – typical for links courses.
  • Waste Bunker : Large, natural sandy areas – often without rakes, are not always considered an obstacle in the regulations.
  • Cross bunkers : Cross the fairway – forcing golfers to place their shots tactically.

Not all sand is the same: The most common types of sand

Not only the shape, but also the sand makes a difference. Depending on the region and budget, golf courses use different materials:
  • Lime sand (white sand): Very light, visually striking, often found on premium pitches – dries quickly, requires intensive maintenance.
  • Quartz sand : Fine-grained, durable, good drainage – often used on tournament pitches.
  • Basalt/lava sand: Dark sand with good water drainage – popular in rainy regions.
  • Natural sand : Used in waste bunkers or on low-maintenance courses – less consistent but sustainable.
The choice of sand influences playing behavior, water drainage and even the risk of injury when hitting the ball.

Why bunkers are more than just obstacles today

The modern bunker is a design statement: It structures the fairway, increases visual tension – and tests your feel for the game.

Thanks to new technologies (drainage, solid edging, special raked sand), today's bunkers are more durable, require less maintenance – and are mercilessly precise.

Conclusion: Bunker – the character element in the game of golf

Whether tactically placed or simply aesthetically pleasing, bunkers add depth to the game. They challenge your thinking, your technique—and sometimes even your patience.
But that’s exactly what makes golf so unique.

Next time you hit the sand, think of the sheep. And play smart.